economic worries for Uganda

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Banking sector solid but shallow in Uganda

Banking sector Solid but shallow

In 2007/08, USA faced a financial crisis following the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble that caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally.  It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis.   The signifies importance of a strong banking sector to a country’s economic growth and development which is also well established in the literature

In Uganda, the banking sector which accounts for 80% of the financial sector faced a crisis in the 1990s when several indigenous commercial banks were declared insolvent, taken over by the central bank and eventually sold or liquidated. These included Uganda Cooperative Bank, Greenland Bank, International Credit Bank, Teefe Bank and Gold Trust Bank, which were closed or sold.  

 

The banking sector is now in a healthy financial condition, recording strong profits in 2012, in part because of high interest margins. Banks’ profits after tax stood at Ushs.370 billion in the nine months to March 2013 relative to Ushs.430 billion in the same period to March 2012. Overall total assets of commercial banks grew by 9.7 percent from Ushs14.4 trillion in June 2012 to Ushs.15.8 trillion in March 2013.The banks’ capital position remained very strong, with core capital for the banking system as a whole standing at 18.8 percent of risk weighted assets in December 2012. At the beginning of March 2013, the statutory increase in the minimum paid up capital of banks from Ushs 10 billion to Ushs 25 billion took effect, with all 24 banks in operation now in compliance. Core capital which is the primary form of capital grew by 16.0 percent from Ushs.1.87 trillion in June 2012 to Ushs.2.17 trillion at the end of March 2013. There was also an increase in the liquid assets to deposit ratios of the banking sector from 37.6 percent in the March 2012 to 42.7 percent in March 2013.Credit to the private sector grew by 6.0 percent from Shs.7.19 trillion in June 2012 to Ushs.7.62 trillion by end March 2013, reversing the stagnation experienced during the period September 2011 to June 2012.  However, a slight decline in the stock of loans and advances was registered between December 2012 and March 2013 mainly due to the closure of the lands registry which impeded the banks’ ability to verify land titles which are used as collateral for commercial bank lending.

 

The banking sector remains an effective transmission conduit of monetary Policy. In particular in 2011, the economy faced high inflation levels hitting 30.5% in November. To curb inflation, the BOU aggressively tightened monetary policy by raising the CBR. The CBR was increased from 13 percent in July 2011, when it was first introduced, to 23 percent in October, and remained at 23 percent until February 2012. The increase in the CBR was quickly passed on to interbank rates and other market interest rates. The average interbank rate increased from 10 percent in June 2011 to 27 percent in December 2011. Commercial banks’ lending interest rates increased from 21 percent to 27 percent; and yields on treasury bills and bonds also increased. Consequently annual headline inflation has since subsided to single digit figures at 3.6% in May 2013and the CBR rate is at 11%

However, according to World bank and IMF estimates, Uganda’s average private sector credit as a percentage of GDP for years 2009 to 2012 at 13.9% is among the lowest by East African countries; Kenya ( 34.4%),Tanzania(19%), Rwanda (13.1%) and Burundi at 15.3%. Noteworthy, Commercial banks private sector credit growth subsidized in 2011/12 to 14.6% of GDP from 16.6% in the previous financial year.  Nearly all new credit over the last 2 years has been extended in foreign currency, and is posed to increase in the next few months since commercial banks are slow at lending in Local currency.

 

Linkages with the agriculture sector which employs over 66% of population is still weak. Private sector Credit is largely skewed to construction, trade and salaried loans. The building and construction sector constituted the largest share of total credit, dominating at 23.3 percent. The share of the trade and commerce sector to total lending, which in the previous year constituted the largest share at 21.5 percent, increased slightly to 21.7 percent.  Personal and household loans constitute 21.1%, manufacturing at 8.9% and

 agriculture at 6.4%.

 

There are about 5 million accounts. This is equivalent to a 14% commercial bank penetration rate given the current population of 35 million. Access per 1000 adults for commercial banks remains low for Uganda by east African countries, the Ugandan average accounts per 1000 adults for period of 2008- 2012 is 168 compared to Kenya(523) and Rwanda (215)

Drastic growth of Mobile money to over 11million accounts with a total transaction value exceeding 20% percent of GDP (bigger than the size of proposed budget for FY 2013/14 ) pose a negative risk to  the banks potential profit growth but is a welcome move to compliment the banking sector increase financial access.

 

Financial 2011/12 was a difficult year for Uganda- facing the worst inflation in 2 decades and consequently slower growth at 3.4%. This in turn inflicted down turn risks on the households and corporate. The commercial loss expense provisions in the wake of high interest rates have since increased and the data from Bank of Uganda data shows that commercial Banks’s expense provisions grew by 260% from UGX 77.9 bn(US$ 31.6 M) in December 2011 to UGX 205.9Bn(US$ 82M) in 2012. Also the non-performing loans share of the total lending stood at 4.5% in December 2012 which is twice the amount the previous years.

 

Despite the central bank reducing the CBR to 11%, the decrease was not met with a proportionate cut in credit rates as banks only adjusted lending rates marginally downwards to an average of 24%. Hovering uncertainty, high alternative sources coupled with slow adjustment of credit risk continue to forestall deeper cuts of credit rates by lenders

The banking industry remains solid with high capital and profit levels but penetration rate remains low. The banking sector will grapple with downturn risks of slow growth in the last two years. There is need for commercial banks with high non-performing loans to ensure that lending standards remain high and that loan quality does not deteriorate further. The growth in foreign denominated credit poses an indirect credit risk; the growth in banking volumes due to cross border transactions will require vigilance by both banks and central banks.   Private sector credit to GDP at 14.6% remains lowers than the EAC macro-economic convergence criteria of the 30%.  Banking sector linkages with agriculture sector is still weak.  The passing of the anti-money laundering legislation will come in handy in mitigating misuse of the banking sector to lauder proceeds.  Interesting times ahead though for Uganda as further deepening of the financial sector. Agency banking, Islamic banking, liberalisation of the pension sector should boost the banking sector. The transition requires BoU vigilance

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economic worries for Uganda

Economic worries for Uganda medium term

Uganda’s annual GDP growth averaged 7 percent in the 1990s, accelerated to over 8 percent from 2001 to 2008 and due to global and domestic challenges since 2008- the average growth has slowed; experiencing the worst growth rate in 20 years of 3.2% in FY 2011/12 and rebounding to 5.1% in FY 2012/13. Despite the average growth of about 6- 7% over the last two decades, Uganda’s economy outlook is sound but not all that rosy. 

 

According to the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD  ) Uganda’s GDP per capita has grown by 112% from USD 258 in 1986 to USD 547 in 2012.  The GDP per capita growth has been slow primarily due to high population growth; real GDP growth per capita averaged only 3.4 percent over the 1990s, and just over 4 percent over the 2000s. Given our small base of GDP, the economy should aim at growing are more than the growth potential of 7%. Notably the last 2 few years have grown at less than potential and the current 5% is not good enough given the current annual population growth of 3.4%.  Uganda aims to achieve middle income level by 2017 i.e. USD 1000 that is 82.8% growth from the current USD 547.  Uganda’s population currently at 35 million is projected at 40 million in 2017, which implies that for Uganda to achieve USD 1000 per capita- Uganda would need to have grown its GDP stock to USD 40billion ( i.e per capita USD 1000 times 40 million) from its current GDP of 18Billion. Is tenable in next four years, I stand to be quoted in 2017 or least 2020, it is not tenable. In the same abated breath, I allude to some economic worries.

 

The annual population growth of 3.4% is one of the highest in world and if unregulated could lead the country into population curse. In addition to high population constraining Uganda’s high economy growth over the last two decades, it is important to note that the rate at which poverty has been reduced from 56% in 1990 to 25% in 2010 has been almost at same rate the population is growing, that is why the absolute numbers living in poverty have remained almost the same. In 1990, we had 56% of 16 million people (9.1million) living in poverty while today we have 25% of 35 million (8.75 million) in poverty. 

 

The population argument withstanding – Uganda’s tax remains low by regional standards – its revenue to GDP per capita at only 13% is lower than that of Tanzania and Kenya. This is of course way lower than the target set in the east African convergence Criteria of 25%.  The empirical analysis highlight mainly the untaxed sectors, especially informal businesses and some agricultural activities,tax evasion and the tax incentives. In Our VAT is 18% but analysis shows that 15% of the VAT-able base is recoverable is paid. It is commendable that Government will carry out a VAT gap analysis in this current financial year. In many countries especially those similar structure like ours, it is the biggest 5- 10% that pay significantly the tax, so the question would be exploring on whether our SMEs to big tax payers are paying taxes commensurately.  

Slow tax growth means high dependence on the foreign aid or least increased borrowing. The latter has been the case. Our latest budget document shows that the  cost of debt is rising- our interest bill is now at almost 1 trillion (higher that health budget). Notably this is about 14% of cumulative debt of about 7 trillion. The cost of debt should be point of concern despite the debt sustainability analysis showing that debt is sustainable and that there is room for future borrowing given that debt is less than 30% of GDP.

 

In addition to the challenges of the supply side (revenue) of the fiscal policy, the fiscal side of expenditure has also been faced with challenges of budget credibility. The latest Auditor general’s report alludes to several cases of budget indiscipline related to nugatory expenditure, procurement flaws, unverified vouchers, and excess expenditure among others. GoU has also relied on supplementary budgeting for the past consecutive four years .The FY 2009/10 saw a supplementary budget of Shs.500 billion (7.2% of the approved budget); Shs.753.6 billion (9.7%) for the year 2010/11; shs.700.1 billion (7% of the approved budget) for FY 2011/12 while FY 2012/13, the MoFPED the 1^st supplementary schedule was about5% of the approved budget. The supplementary budgets are in most cases dominated by recurrent foreseeable expenditures or least agencies like state house, Public administration. As much as the Public Finance bill currently before parliament, presents an avenue to address supplementary budgets through introduction of contingency fund of 3.5% of approved budget, the good laws in Uganda always remain on paper.

Needless to mention the cost of corruption is high and the Auditor general is his latest report identified about 700bn to have been lost in FY 2011/12. This is 5-7% of the approved budget which is in line with the World Bank estimations of about 5-10% lost in corruption lost annual. At 10% of approved budget lost annually, it implies Uganda losing a full budget year in 10 years.

 

Corruption is not the only constraint to doing to business in the Uganda. In the ease of doing business 2013, Uganda 120 out of 180 countries with the areas under scoring being access to good infrastructure especially energy, ease of starting a business, protecting investors, registering properties, enforcement of contracts and trading across borders. Uganda’s infrastructure is among the worst in the world (Republic of Uganda 2010; World Bank 2007). The National Development Plan identifies weak infrastructure as one of the key binding constraints in Uganda. Roads, power and railways are all below those of Uganda’s neighbors, with grave implications for the economy. It is a welcome move however that the current budget priorities key infrastructure projects in energy, works and transport sectors. 

 On top of the agricultural sector getting only 4% of the current budget proposal, we continue to see limited linkages with the banking sector Private sector Credit is largely skewed to construction, trade and salaried loans. The building and construction sector constituted the largest share of total credit, dominating at 23.3 percent. The share of the trade and commerce sector to total lending, which in the previous year constituted the largest share at 21.5 percent, increased slightly to 21.7 percent.  Personal and household loans constitute 21.1%, manufacturing at 8.9% and agriculture at 6.4%

 Low agricultural productivity arguably is linked to current account deficit which remains at over 10% of GDP. This implies we demand more forex to import than forex we get from exports thus leaving exchange rate vulnerable to volatility. The current account not likely to ease in coming few years due to oil investment imports. Despite the diversification of its export base, Uganda remains heavily dependent on primary commodities. Diversification of the export base is of paramount importance. The factors that continue to constrain export diversification include the primary and low-value-added nature of Uganda’s exports, poor product quality, and poor regulation standards, which inhibit competition in marketing and export of primary commodities. The current account deficit could also dent the further accumulation of reserves the reserves are the main source of revenue for the central bank revenue but due to low rates on international markets, the central bank incurred operational losses in the last financial year.

Uganda will also face a number of other both internal and external risks like  reduced reliance on foreign aid,   the nascent oil sector challenges, supply or structural shocks to inflation e.g. drought,   the global fluctuations on oil prices, the economic conditions in Europe, china and America.  To mitigate the ultimate effects, the monetary policy and fiscal policy have got to be in sync.